Spina Bifida

Topic Overview

What is spina bifida?

Spina bifida is a type of birth defect called a neural tube defect. It occurs when the bones of the spine (vertebrae) don't form properly around part of the baby's spinal cord. Spina bifida can be mild or severe.

• The mild form is the most common. It usually doesn't cause problems or need treatment. You can't see the defect, but some people may have a dimple, birthmark, or hairy patch on their back. Most people with this form don't know they have it until they get a back X-ray for another reason.
• A rare and more severe form is meningocele (say "muh-NIN-juh-seel"). In this form, fluid leaks out of the spine and pushes against the skin. You may see a bulge in the skin. In many cases, there are no other symptoms.
• The most rare and severe form is myelomeningocele (say "my-uh-loh-muh-NIN-juh-seel"). It's what most people mean when they say "spina bifida." Part of the spinal nerves push out of the spinal canal, and the nerves are often damaged. You may see a bulge in the skin. In some babies, the skin is open and the nerves are exposed.

What causes spina bifida?

The exact cause of this birth defect isn't known. Experts think that genes and the environment are part of the cause. For example, women who have had one child with spina bifida are more likely to have another child with the disease. Women who are obese or who have diabetes are also more likely to have a child with spina bifida.

What are the symptoms?

Your child's symptoms will depend on how severe the defect is. Most children with the mild form of spina bifida don't have any problems from it.

In many cases, children with meningocele don't have any symptoms.

Children with the most severe form of spina bifida often have spine and brain issues that cause serious problems. They may have:

• Little or no feeling in their legs, feet, or arms, so they may not be able to move those parts of the body.
• Bladder or bowel problems, such as leaking urine or having a hard time passing stools.
• Fluid buildup in the brain (hydrocephalus). Even when it is treated, this may cause seizures, learning problems, or vision problems.
• A curve in their spine, such as scoliosis.

How is spina bifida diagnosed?

During pregnancy, you can have a blood test (maternal serum triple or quadruple screen) and an ultrasound of the developing baby. These tests check for signs of spina bifida and other problems. If test results suggest a birth defect, you can choose to have an amniocentesis. This test helps confirm if the baby has spina bifida.

After birth, a doctor can usually tell if a baby has spina bifida by how the baby's back looks. If spina bifida is suspected, the doctor may do an X-ray, an MRI, or a CT scan to see if the defect is mild or severe.

How is it treated?

Most children with the mild form of spina bifida don't need treatment. Children with meningocele may not need treatment either. But children with the most severe form usually need surgery. Sometimes surgery to correct severe spina bifida can be done before a baby is born.

A child who has hydrocephalus will need surgery to put in a drainage tube called a shunt. It relieves pressure on the brain by draining excess fluid into the belly. This keeps the swelling from causing more damage to the brain.

Experts such as physical therapists and occupational therapists work with children who have severe spina bifida. The work starts soon after the child's birth. These therapists can teach parents and caregivers how to do exercises and activities with the child.

Some children may need a brace, a wheelchair, or other aids. Children with bladder control problems may need help using a catheter each day to prevent infection and kidney damage. To help prevent bowel problems, parents usually begin working with the doctor or nurse on managing bowel care as soon as the child starts eating solid food. As children with severe spina bifida grow, other treatments and surgeries may be needed to manage problems that arise.

There are many ways you can support your child:

• Go to all scheduled doctor visits.
• Help your child be active, and encourage him or her to be as independent as possible.
• Encourage your child to drink plenty of fluids and eat foods high in fiber, such as whole grains and fruits. This helps prevent constipation.
• Check your child's skin each day for cuts, bruises, and pressure injuries. Children who have little or no feeling in their legs and feet may get hurt and not know it. And that could lead to an infection.
• Be sure to get your child's vision checked regularly. Children with spina bifida often have weak eye muscles.
• Keep your child away from latex products if he or she has a latex allergy.
• Watch for learning difficulties, and talk to your child's doctor or teacher if you have any concerns.
• When your child is ready to start school, talk with teachers and other school workers. Public schools have programs for people ages 3 through 21 with special needs.

Remember that your needs are important too. Take good care of yourself so you can stay healthy and have the energy to enjoy your child. Make time for activities you like, even if it's just for a short while each day. And reach out to family, friends, and support groups when you need help.

How can you prevent spina bifida?

Before and during pregnancy, a woman can help prevent spina bifida in her child.

• Get plenty of folic acid each day, both before you get pregnant and during pregnancy. All foods made from grains and sold in the United States have folic acid added. Foods rich in folic acid include fortified breakfast cereals and breads, spinach, and oranges. Your doctor may recommend that you also take a daily vitamin with folic acid or a folic acid supplement.
• If you take medicine for seizures or acne, talk with your doctor before you get pregnant. Some of these medicines can cause birth defects.
• Don't drink alcohol while you are pregnant. Any amount of alcohol may affect your baby's health.
• Don't let your body get too hot in the first weeks of pregnancy. For example, don't use a sauna or hot tub. And treat a high fever right away. The heat could raise your baby's risk for spina bifida.